The swarm of earthquakes in the Cretan Sea 50 km SW of Santorini seems to be decreasing. Talking with Dr. Athanassios Ganas, head of the Athens Geodynamic Institute, and others, there is a consensus that the quakes are tectonic in origin and not related to volcanic activity (after all, their location is far from the Santorini volcanic system). [read all]
If anyone is interested in a 5-7 days excursion to Santorini in February, please get in touch. ...more
We plan to have a look at Nea Kameni, photograph the island in winter, and of course, look after local sources and information about the current seismicity and the questions related to a possible eruption in a near or medium future. Santorini merits a visit in winter anyway. It will probably be stormy, wet and cold, but perfect to appreciate its raw beauty without tourists. [less]
The seismic swarm 50 km SW of Santorini continues with a smaller number of quakes than in the first 2 days. 10 Quakes were recorded in the past 24 hours, including a 3.9 magnitude last night at 31 km depth at 22h46:33 GMT. Interestingly, no quakes seem to occur inside the caldera or in the immediate vicinity of Santorini since the swarm to the SW has started. This clearly shows that there is some relationship. What nature this has, is speculation. ...more
In a TV interview earlier today, a seismologist from the Athens Observatory confirmed the widespread (public) opinion that these earthquakes 50 km SW are no longer normal, and that "everything could happen" (not mentioning what), and critisized fellow scientists who have been saying that the quakes were normal. At the same time, Houliaras said that these quakes have nothing to do with the volcano (which we don't agree, since there is a correlation between the absence of quakes under the volcano and the seismic swarm off the island). He said that before June 25, 2011, only earthquakes magnitute 4 and above where recorded on Santorini (!) and that the increase in the seismic activity was due to the presence of more seismographs on the island. We leave it to the reader to interpret this statement.. [less]
The highly unusual swarm of earthquakes SW of Santorini on the main fault zone that also defines the volcanic vents of the region continues with about 10 quakes larger than magnitude 2 during the past 24 hours. 2 of the quakes were magnitude 4 and 4.7, respectively. ...more
Greek media start to pick up the story and become increasingly interested: [less]
The unusual seismic swarm in progress at a location ca. 50 km SW of Santorini is continuing. Up to now, 22 quakes between 2 and 4.9 magnitude have been recorded by the Hellenic Seismic networks for 28 January 2012. ...more
What exactly is happening is unclear, but it is almost certain that it is not a normal tectonic earthquake with aftershocks. [less]
Strombolian erution late on 27 January as seen on the webcam
Sporadic strombolian eruptions have started at the New SE crater on 27 Jan, following ash emissions observed the previous day. ...more
Explosions were observed at 19:54, 20:05, 20:54, 21:11 and 22:40 local time according to Etna Walk who monitor the webcam of INGV. The explosions ejected bombs up to a few tens of meters above the crater rim and mostly fell back inside. At the time of writing, no changes in harmonic tremor are visible, and it is still unclear whether the start of strombolian activity heralds a new paroxysm - as it has done so 19 times before in the past 12 months - or not. The next hours and perhaps days will give an answer to it. [less]
Webcam image of Popo showing the glow at the summit crater (CENAPRED)
Popocatépetl volcano's activity is increasing. On 25 Jan at 10:10 local time, an ash explosion produced a plume of 3 km height drifting NE. During the past days, strong degassing and steaming has been observed as well as periods of low-frequency tremor. At night (see webcam image), a constant glow can be seen from the summit crater, suggesting that the lava dome might have started a new phase of growth. ...more
Authorities recommend a safety distance from the volcano of 12 km radius, and the alert level remains at "yellow". [less]
The second NE vent of the eruption of Nyamuragira seen on 22 Jan 2012. The strong glow is from the active lava lake inside its central vent.
NASA image of the lava flows from the eruption taken on 23 Jan 2012.
During our recent expedition, we visited Nyamuragira's ongoing eruption during 22-25 January, and found that the eruption is still going on strongly, but somewhat less intense than during the first 1-2 weeks in January. ...more
The second vent complex, which had started to form at the NE end of the eruptive fissure in late Dec or early Jan with about one week of constant fountaining, consists of probably 3 coalescent cones. The middle and largest of them contained a crater filled with boiling lava, i.e. a small lava lake, which was strongly spattering every few seconds. The lava lake itself was not visible, but could be inferred from the strong glow and the hissing degassing noise of exploding gas bubbles that ejected liquid spatter bombs in all directions. [less]
A 5.3 magnitude earthquake hit about 50 km SW of Santorini on 26 Jan at 04:24:58 GMT. The quake was 28.7 km and most likely of tectonic origin. The location is 48 km SW of Santorini at the end of a tectonic fault defining a graben SE of Santorini and the eastern boundary of the volcanically active SW-NE zone comprising the volcanic vents of the Christiania Islands, Santorini itself, the submarine Kolumbos volcano and several minor submarine vents NE of Kolumbo. [read all]
The earthquakes of 26 January 2012 on the central fault system of Santorini
After a serial of strong earthquakes on 26 January the Greeks begin to take the seismic development around and under Santorini serious. Today there have been several earthquakes south-west of Santorini on the Christiana-Kameni-Koloumbos-Fault starting with 5,2 R, 4,2 R end 3,2 R. At the moment, it is unclear how much this is related to possible volcanic activity at Santorini in the future. ...more
If an eruption begins on Santorini, most likely the vent(s) will be on or near Nea Kameni and in the most likely scenario of a small eruption, it should only pose little danger to the main island. In case of a medium sized eruption (larger than the eruptions in the 20th century), the main hazards would be from earthquakes to poorly built houses on cliffs and on major fault lines (such as in the area between Mikro Profitis Ilias and Megalo Vouno), tsunamis that could be triggered by earthquakes and invade flat coastal areas, and gas and ash emissions drifting in the direction of the wind (most often to the S and SE). [less]
Since Monday 23 January 2012, there has been an intensification of Sangay volcano's activity, as indicated by reports from pilots who reported the presence of ash from the volcano drifting S-SE. In addition, satellite images from 24 Jan show the presence of thermal anomalies at the volcano. ...more
Sangay is one of the most active volcanoes in Ecuador, in frequent activity since the 17th century when it was discovered. However, due to its very remote location, at the eastern end of the Andes cordillera, its monitoring is limited to occasional field observations and observations by aircraft and from satellite. [less]
The "Santorini-Fault-System" and the position of the "active volcanoes Koloumbos and Nea Kameni
A strong earthquake was reported north of Crete island and south west of Santorini. Officials told to the media "that there is no great danger", but because it was an earthquake on the "Santorini-Fault" people should be prepared for future earthquakes in the region. Probably there is a tectonic movement going on that time. If this will affect the volcanic island of Nea Kameni at Santorini archipel we do not know yet. [read all]
The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory today celebrates 100 continuous years of monitoring at Kīlauea volcano with a Public Open House -- only Vesuvius has a longer record, dating back to 1841! In fact the first scientific monitoring in Hawai'i was conducted in 1911 by Frank Perret, an Honorary Assistant to the Vesuvius Observatory, in preparation for Thomas Jaggar to establish HVO in 1912. They are hosting many activities today in celebration, if you are in the Kīlauea area! ...more
Fortunately for them but unfortunately for us, Kīlauea herself seems to be in a depressurization phase, with short-lived pulses of building pressure which are keeping the eruption going. However, the location of active lava flows has retreated into off-limits areas, and we await the return of sustained pressure before lava flows become accessible again. However, there is still magnificent glow from the hidden lava lake in Halema`uma`u, well worth seeing from the Jaggar Museum after dark and still included in our tours! [less]
A long-awaited press release of the Spanish Government and the Oceanographic Institute was now published and presents the results of the latest bathymetric survey conducted last week by the crew on board Ramon Margalef , including the new bathymetric map of the new submarine volcano: the vent is now a depth of 130 m. ...more
Compared to the latest survey in November, when it had a depth of 150 m, this means that the cone has only grown about 20 m and most of the material erupted was used to build up the circumference and sediments around it. If the eruption continues at the rate it has been over the past months, it will probably take several years to breach the surface. [less]
Since yesterday, the activity at the El Hierro submarine volcano had been increasing, which could be seen on the harmonic tremor signal and the active jacuzzi above the vent on the ocean surface. The activity included strong bursts of harmonic tremor thought to be caused by hydromagmatic (magma-water) explosions. ...more
About 2 hours ago, all activity has suddenly stopped and only a very weak signal is left. Similar pauses so far have not meant the end of the eruption, rather a temporary blockage of the conduit. The next hours or few days will tell whether and how the eruption continues. [less]
IG reported a new episode of activity and increased seismicity from Tungurahua during 11-17 January. On 12 January ashfall was reported in Manzano (8 km SW), Cahuají (8 km SW), and Choglontus (13 km WSW). ...more
A lahar descended the Achupashal drainage, carrying blocks up to 1 m in diameter, and caused the road to Baños (9 km N) to be closed. Cloud cover prevented observations of the crater. On 13 January ash-and-gas emissions were observed, and ash plumes rose as high as 7 km (23,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W. Ash-fall was reported in Palitahua (6 km SSW) and roaring noises were heard in Cusúa (8 km NW) and Manzano. On 14 January ash emissions rose 500 m above the crater and drifted WSW; ashfall was reported in Choglontus, Palitahua, and Manzano. Clouds obscured views on 15 January; however ashfall was reported in Palitahua and Manzano. Lahars descended drainages in Juive (NW) and Pondoa (N), carrying blocks 10-20 cm in diameter. [less]
Fuego volcano produced explosions observed on 11-13 and on 16 January, which produced ash plumes rising 400-1000 m above the crater. Shock waves and rumbling sounds accompanied the explosions and rattled windows and roofs in nearby villages. ...more
Rock avalanches traveled SW into the Ceniza drainage and on the W, S, and SW flanks. At night on 13 and 16 January incandescence was visible from the crater. (Source: Smithsonian / GVP weekly activity report) [less]
The lava dome growth of Santiaguito continues at moderate levels. Sporadic explosions produce ash clouds that rise up to 600-800 m above the lava dome and mostly drift SW. A viscous lava flow is active on the SE flank. Block avalanches are generated from the front of the lava flow and on the SW flank, accompanied by rumbling noises. [read all]
We have now more precise details from what happened at Erta Ale yesterday, and can confirm that the attack was not on Dallol as we suspected, but on the crater rim of Erta Ale volcano. ...more
For years now, this has been a popular camping spot for tourists visiting the spectacular lava lake. According to our correspondents in Addis, who are in satellite phone contact with guides on location in the area, the attack happened on Tuesday around 01:00 Am local time. 5 people at least were shot dead by a group of armed rebels from Eritrea, who suddenly opened fire on the group. The victims include tourists 2 each from Germany and Hungary and 1Austrian. Their bodies have arrived in Semera town, the capital city of the Afar Region, and are now being transported to Addis. [less]
The new island seen on January 15, 2012 (NASA Earth Obbservatory)
Comparison of NASA images of the same island at different stages
It appears from the latest NASA satellite images that the eruption that has formed the new island has ended, leaving an impressive new elongated island about 1000 m long and 500 m wide just 500 m NNW of Rugged Island in the Zubair archipelago. ...more
The island, whose name yet needs to be published, belongs to Yemen. If it consists of sufficiently large quantities of hard lava flows instead of loose ash and scoria, it will probably resist wave eruption long enough to become a permanent feature in the archipelago, but it will certainly take some time before it can possibly be inhabited (if anyone wants to live there anyway...). [less]
IMPORTANT follow-up: we have now confirmation from our contacts in Addis that the attack occurred on Erta Ale volcano at night. ...more
An armed group of guerrillas apparently from Eritrea has attacked a tour group in the Danakil desert on Monday evening and killed 5 people, including 2 Austrian and 1 German tourists, according to news emerging from the German Bild and other sources, most of which refer to a Reuters article published earlier today (see sources). [less]
Harmonic tremor signal 17 Jan 2012 (IGN) It seems the eruption is increasing again: Tremor today is at significantly higher levels than during the past weeks and there is a beautiful stain and a strong Jacuzzi at the surface as signs of the ongoing activity. [less]
Lava fountain from Nyamuragira during our tour on 8 Jan 2012
During expedition to Nyiragongo in Jan 2012, we undertook a side trip to see Nyamuragira still in eruption. Lorraine sent us the following impressions of impressive lava fountains from the new vent (taken 8 Jan). [read all]
As our group who just came back reports (see last post below), the eruption of Nyamuragira seems to have intensified again. ...more
We are planning an expedition to see this eruption in the next week. If you are interested, please get in touch with us as soon as possible! Planned tour date: 21 Jan (arrival in Kigali) - 25 Jan (back to Kigali) [less]
The VolcanoDiscovery group at the erupting flank cone of Nyamuragira volcano (8 Jan 2012)
Lava fountains from Nyamuragira volcano (8 Jan 2012)
The eruption at Nyamuragira volcano (DR Congo) continues with lava fountains 50-150 m high, ejections of incandescent bombs reaching up to 600 m, and the emission of an aa lava flow from the second (eastern) vent. ...more
<iframe width="460" height="264" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/b2RlsEMDa60?rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>Our expedition group just returned from a visit to the area on 8 Jan and a series of spectacular images and videos is now available. [less]
The eruption south of El Hierro is continuing, but has calmed down during the past days. In contrast to one week ago, there has been little visible surface activity at the stained area above the submarine vent near La Rrestinga. Volcanic tremor is at low, but constant levels, and indicates that lava continues to be erupted at depth. [read all]
The Observatory Simológico Volcano of Costa Rica (OVSICORI-UNA) confirmed that a new ash eruption occurred at Turrialba volcano in the afternoon around 15h20 on 12 Jan. ...more
The eruption was first noticed by park rangers and local residents. During the previous day, numerous rumblings could be heard from the mountain. According to OVSICORI-UNA, the eruption started between 3:10 and 3:20 pm and produced an ash plume from a vent on the southeast flank of the main crater in an area known as "La Quemada". [less]
Turrialba volcano (Costa Rica) opened a new vent on 12 January 2012 as the result of an overpressure on the southeast flank of the West Crater. ...more
This decompression event released ash that was carried by the wind at least up to Tres Rios (27km SW from the vent). As a consequence the Comisión Nacional de Emergencias and the Turrialba Volcano National Park's administration declared a yellow alert and closed the access, which is still the case on January 17th. [less]
For a about 6 months now, seismic activity beneath Santorini has been elevated, but this is nothing unusual to happen at an active volcano (which Santorini has always been not to forget). ...more
The last eruption was in 1950 and nobody knows when the next one will be. Based on current levels of seismic activity, we have no clue to predict anything and the current activity seems far from alarming. [less]
The new island in the Red Sea on 7 Jan 2012 (NASA Earth Observatory)
New images were released from NASA, showing the rapid growth of a new island in the Zubair archipelago in the Red Sea. ...more
This new satellite image, acquired January 7, 2012, suggests that the eruption has risen nearly completely above water. A plume of steam, other volcanic gases, and ash spews from a distinct cone. The land surrounding the vent has grown, and is now about 530 by 710 meters (1,700 by 2,300 feet) across. Once above water, past eruptions in the Zubair Islands were primarily effusive, with relatively runny lava forming thin lava flows. In contrast to the fragmented rock that forms when lava interacts directly with water, lava that solidifies on land is tough, so this new island is likely to be permanent. [less]
avalanches of ash and incandescent blocks produced by the growth of the volcanic dome of the volcano Santiaguito Caliente - Guatemala in January 2012 (Yashmin Chebli)
During the month of January 2012 the activity of the volcanic dome of Santiaguito Caliente has been steady with many degassing emissions and ash plumes well above the top of the volcano Santa Maria (the volcano father). during the 4 days of observation of the activity by the team of geologists and volcanologists during an expedition to VolcanoDiscovery, we identified one to two hours by pyroclastic flow. These flows are formed by avalanches of ash and incandescent blocks produced during the surge in gas and magma during the extrusion of the dome and they ran down the sides of the South and South West dome to spread out up to 500 m to 1 km distance from the base of the dome. [read all]
he eruption continues with little changes. The stain and jacuzzi above the submarine vent are active and a number of seaming hot lava blocks are arriving at the surface ("lava balloons"). Harmonic tremor is at constant and slightly higher levels than yesterday. [read all]
Many steaming lava blocks with orange flames of buring escaping gasses have been observed in the past days floating to the surface above the submarine vent south of El Hierro where the eruption that has started in October 2010 goes on. ...more
A similar event occurred in early 1999 near Terceira Island in the Azores. A comparison between the two eruptions explains the nature of the steaming and burning "lava balloons" as they were called then and again, now. Special Thanks to earthquake-report for bringing up the interesting story! [less]
The seismic unrest beneath Santorini which had started in July 2011 continues into 2012, greeting the world with a small swarm of quakes beneath the caldera. ...more
The slightly increased number of quakes is concentrated on the volcano-tectonic Kameni line, which stretches SW-NE through the caldera and extends outside, especially to the NE where the submarine volcano Kolumbo is located 8 km off the coast. The alignment defines a tectonic graben structure underlying Santorini and has been used for rising magma for nearly all past eruptions of the volcano. [less]
The remote Lewotolo stratovolcano on Lomblen island in Indonesia is getting more and more active, with reports of "black columns of smoke" coming out from its crater, which probably translates to first ash eruptions happening. ...more
"Rumbling sounds are heard around the mountain" and a strong smell of sulfur is noticed. Now in the rainy season, the main risk will likely be lahars. Jakarta Post reports that about 500 people residing near Mount Lewotolo have evacuated their homes voluntarily, and that providing shelters for them is difficult. [less]
Andi reports from his visit to Masaya volcano on 7 January 2012: ...more
"There is no incandescence currently as part of the wall near the vent collapsed into it. Local people are expecting an eruption to clear it. One can hear churning and avalanches and there is quite a bit of gas you bed to put the mask on or you can only stay 10-15 min on lookout. The dormant crater next door looks like has a small lava dome in it which is slowly rising. The trees and plants don't grow properly maybe because of CO2 in this crater?" [less]
If you use a mobile browser or a very small screen, you can use the mobile version, replacing the www. with mobile. in the URL address. The content is almost the same, but in the mobile version, the navigation and images are much reduced. [less]
The eruption seems to be gaining strength again. The "jacuzzi" on the water surface above the submarine vent near La Rrestinga is quite active today with lots of foam and smoking lava blocks visible on the webcam. ...more
Correspondingly, the harmonic tremor has significantly increased and shows signs of underwater steam explosions (the bursts in the signal). A M1.8 earthquake 16 km below the southern rift zone occurred yesterday at 1 am. [less]
NASA satellite image of the eruption area of Nyamuragira taken on 3 Jan 2012
False-color image showing Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira volcano (3 Jan 2012)
To the delight of our expedition group heading towards Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo tomorrow, the lava flows from Nyamuragira are still active. NASA Earth Observatory has released spectacular images from 3 January showing the vast lava flows from Nyamuragira volcano's current eruption. ...more
Nyamuragira (also spelled Nyamulagira), is a massive basaltic shield volcano located north of Goma (DR Congo) and near the other active volcano, Nyiragongo, famous for its permanent lava lake. Nyamuragira is one of Africa's largest and most active volcanoes. Its current eruption started in November 2012 from a flank vent located in an uninhabited area about 10 km ENE side of the volcano's summit. [less]
Lascar volcano in northern Chile was placed on heightened alert status YELLOW, after SERNAGEOMIN detected a swarm of over 300 small earthquakes between 4 and 5 January. [read all]
Webcam picture (Etna Trekking), captured by Mark Burns for Eruptions Blog.
Lava fountain at dawn during the 1st paroxysm of Etna volcano (photo courtesy: Francesco Pappalardo / www.flickr.com/photos/cicciofarmaco)
A new paroxysmal eruption with lava fountains occurred at Etna volcano's new SE crater volcano early today, which would be nr 19 counting since 2011 and the first such eruption in 2012. ...more
Strombolian activity started late in the evening of 4 January, but was difficult to observe due to dense cloud cover. The activity increased slowly during the whole night, with more frequent and more powerful single explosions and ejected glowing bombs up to several 100 m height above the crater rim. At around 4 am , a lava flow started to emerge from the SE fissure cutting through the cone, announcing the slow start of the spectacular paroxysmal phase. [less]
Incandescence from glowing lava arriving at the sea surface
Bright incandescence could be seen from the hot steaming lava blocks appearing at the ocean surface 1 km off La Restinga last night. The glow was even visible on the webcam. ...more
There are now some nice clips on youtube showing this phenomenon. It suggests that the submerged cone is now significantly closer to the surface than it was in late November and December, but there is no way to predict whether and when it might breach at all. [less]
For 70 Euro, a child can attend school for a year. Geamolio loves her new solar light.
The environment benefits, and also the health of the people: They need less fire inside the huts, therefore, there is less smoke, the cause of chronic bronchitis.
Education is a key problem in the remote parts of Papua New Guinea, as well as in Rabaul, a city destroyed from a volcanic eruption. ...more
in 2011, two expeditions from VolcanoDiscovery could see for themselves and an idea was born: We will give scholarships to school children. [less]
The activity of Galeras volcano during 28 December - 3 January 2012 consisted in steaming from both the main crater and two craters to the N and SW (Paisita and Chavas). [read all]
The remote Lewotolo volcano in the Flores Sea was placed on alert on 2 January, after an increase in seismic activity and incandescence was observed on 2 January. [read all]
Surtseyan eruption at the newly formed island in the Red Sea
A new dramatic video of the recent volcanic eruption in the Red Sea in the Zubayr group of islands west of Jemen has emerged on youtube. The video was taken from a military helicopter and shows the newly-born island in the highly explosive phase, when magma in contact with sea water lead to very strong steam and ash explosions (so-called surtseyan activity), producing huge ash and steam clouds. Unfortunately, the date of the video is not specified, but it is probably from around 22-23 December. [read all]
Each time we think that the submarine eruption south of El Hierro is subsiding, it regains strength shortly afterwards. ...more
During the past week, and in particular today, steaming lava blocks have again appeared above the submarine vent at the ocean surface, showing lava is still being erupted below. The stain on the surface has been well visible at times, with sometimes bubbly foam rising to create wonderful abstract natural paintings of colors and lines when seen from the air. [less]
Fieldwork at Poás on 16 December showed new geyser activity from a vent on the N flank of the lava dome that formed in 2011. A water-and-mud fountain rose 5-6 m high, flowed into the lake, and built a terrace along the S shore. ...more
Gas-and-steam plumes rose from the lava dome. (Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 28 December-3 January 2012) [less]
Buenos Aires VAAC reported a pilot observing an ash plume from Callaqui at 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. on 2 January. No ash could be detected on satellite images without cloud cover and it is likely that the observation was strong fumarolic activity rather than an actual eruption. [read all]
After almost a week with no accessible lava, pressure returns to Kīlauea as seen in this link's plot of ground tilt. At the same time, lava flows are again accessible via an extreme, 8-mile round-trip hike with a steep climb to private property in Royal Gardens. The hike will get easier and less dangerous once this renewed pressure pushes lava back onto the coastal flats, so stay tuned! Contact us for details on current conditions and accessibility! [read all]
The Alaska Volcano Observatory has lowered the alert level for Cleveland volcano from ORANGE (eruption imminent) to YELLOW (watch), after no activity has been detected at the volcano in the past days. ...more
The alert was raised to ORANGE on 29 Dec after an ash cloud, probably produced by a single explosion of Cleveland volcano, had been detected on satellite imaginary. The ash plume was found approximately 80 KM/50 miles north of the volcano and moving ESE at a height of 15,000 ft (ca. 5 km) ASL. [less]
Mofettes at the shore of the Laacher See volcano crater lake, showing that the magmatic system beneath the crater is degassing (nothing unusual!). (Photo: Tobias Schorr)
The Daily Mail writes today "Is a super-volcano just 390 miles from London about to erupt?", suggesting that the Laacher See volcano in Western Germany could "erupt any time" and produce a large eruption such as the devastating (but still moderate, not super-volcano at all) Plinian eruption 11,900 years ago. ...more
Unfortunately, what the Daily Mail writes, is more dark fantasy than anything else. There is no scientific background to assume that an eruption in a foreseeable future could be in the making in this area. To read more and why, please have a look at the brilliant post about it on Dr. Erik Klemetti's Eruptions Blog. [less]
If you like to read what a tour with us is like, have a look: Craig and Heather, a couple from Colorado, who took part in the Volcanoes of Italy tour last April, published a detailed report in the Rock & Gem magazine (Jan 2012 issue). ...more
At least 3 people were killed by mud flows. 1,000-2,600 more were evacuated from several villages on 27-28 December, when heavy rainfall turned fresh ash deposits into devastating mud flows. Most damage was in the villages of Tubo and Tofure and along the Togorara and Marikurubu rivers. [read all]
