Makian Volcan

Updated: 26 avril. 2025 00:34 GMT - refresh

Stratovolcano

Halmahera (Indonésie), 0.32°N / 127.4°E

+Heure locale:

Lever du soleil:

Coucher du soleil:

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Coucher de lune:

Summit height: 1357 m / 4,452 ft

Condition actuelle: normal / en sommeil (1 sur 5)

Last update: 12 déc. 2021 (Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report)

Kiebesi volcano (Makian Island) seen from the NW with the prominent Ngopagita gully (image: Ruska Hadian, 1985, Volcanological Survey of Indonesia)

Makian volcano is one of Inondesia's most destructive volcanoes. It has had infrequent, but violent eruptions that have devastated villages on the island. Its eruption have been recorded since about 1550; the major eruptions in 1646, 1760-61, 1861-62, 1890, and 1988 caused extensive damage and many fatalities.

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Style éruptif tipique: Explosive eruptions. Infrequent but violent explosions with large amounts of ash and pyroclastic flows generated.
Eruptions du volcan Makian: 1550, 1646, 1660(?), 1760-61, 1854(?), 1860(?), 1861-62, 1863, 1864, 1890, 1988

Derniers séismes proches

Date et l'heure	Mag / Prof.	Distance / Lieux

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Introduction

Makian volcano forms a 10-km-wide island near the southern end of a chain of volcanic islands off the west coast of Halmahera. The large 1.5-km-wide summit crater, containing a small lake on the NE side, gives the 1357-m-high peak a flat-topped profile. Two prominent valleys extend to the coast from the summit crater on the north and east sides. Four parasitic cones are found on the western flanks.
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Source: GVP, Smithsonian Institution

Éruptions volcaniques importantes: volcano Makian

In the past 10,000 years, Makian has had at least 8 confirmed eruptions, all documented by historical records or observations.
Additionally, there are 4 uncertain or discredited eruptions from Makian volcano.

The table below lists all known eruptions (date in bold face) of Makian volcano in historic times and during the past 10,000 years. Updates on the most recent volcanic activity of Makian can be found on the news page of Makian volcano.

Date	Note	VEI	Morts	Dommages
1988 Jul 29 - Août 5	Obs./docs historiques	3		inconnu
1890 Jun 20 - Jun 30	Obs./docs historiques	2		inconnu
1890 Jun 29 (éruption 1890 Jun 20 - Jun 30)	Obs./docs historiques	2		lourd	Infos
1890 Jun 29: Kusumadinata-79 makes no mention of human fatalities but records several villages destroyed completely, many houses destroyed, many cattle killed. Cited references #1412 Simkin, Tom, and Lee Siebert with the collaboration of Russell Blong, Jonathan Dehn, Christopher Newhall, Roland Pool, and Thomas C. Stein (1994): Volcanoes of the World, Second Edition, A Regional Directory, Gazetteer, and Chronology of Volcanism During the Last 10,000 Years, Geoscience Press, Inc., Tucson, Arizona, in association with Smithsonian Institution, Global Volcanism Program, Washington, D.C., p. 164-176. Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), Global Significant Earthquake Database. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
1864 Oct	Obs./docs historiques	1		inconnu
1863 Août 25 - Août 31	Obs./docs historiques	1		inconnu
1861 Déc 28 - 1862 Oct	Obs./docs historiques	4?		inconnu
1861 Déc 29 (éruption 1861 Déc 28 - 1862 Oct)	Obs./docs historiques	4	326	inconnu	Infos
1861 Déc 29: 326 deaths, 47 injuries. Ashflows reached the coast. Some drowned while fleeing by boat. Kusumadinata-79 gives 309 killed and 15 villages totally destroyed. Wallace also mentions this eruption but places it on the same day in 1862. Cited references #1412 Simkin, Tom, and Lee Siebert with the collaboration of Russell Blong, Jonathan Dehn, Christopher Newhall, Roland Pool, and Thomas C. Stein (1994): Volcanoes of the World, Second Edition, A Regional Directory, Gazetteer, and Chronology of Volcanism During the Last 10,000 Years, Geoscience Press, Inc., Tucson, Arizona, in association with Smithsonian Institution, Global Volcanism Program, Washington, D.C., p. 164-176. #1651 Kusumadinata K (1979): Data Dasar Gunungapi Indonesia. Bandung: Volc Surv Indonesia, 820 p (in Indonesian) Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), Global Significant Earthquake Database. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
?? 1860	Éruption incertaine	1		inconnu
?? 1854 Jun 18	Éruption incertaine	1		inconnu
1760 Sep 22 - 1761 Avr 30 ou plus tard	Obs./docs historiques	4?		inconnu
1760 (éruption 1760 Sep 22 - 1761 Avr 30 ou plus tard)	Obs./docs historiques	4	2,000	inconnu	Infos
1760: Major explosive eruption. IAVCEI attributes deaths to a lahar. Cited references #1412 Simkin, Tom, and Lee Siebert with the collaboration of Russell Blong, Jonathan Dehn, Christopher Newhall, Roland Pool, and Thomas C. Stein (1994): Volcanoes of the World, Second Edition, A Regional Directory, Gazetteer, and Chronology of Volcanism During the Last 10,000 Years, Geoscience Press, Inc., Tucson, Arizona, in association with Smithsonian Institution, Global Volcanism Program, Washington, D.C., p. 164-176. #1638 IAVCEI (1973-1980): Post-Miocene Volcanoes of the World. IAVCEI Data Sheets, Rome: Internatl Assoc Volc Chemistry Earth's Interior. #9675 Siebert, Lee, Tom Simkin, Paul Kimberly (2010): Fatalities & Evacuations, Volcanoes of the World, Third Edition, Geoscience Press, Inc., University of California Press, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., p. 329-347. Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), Global Significant Earthquake Database. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
?? 1660 AD	Éruption incertaine	?		inconnu
1646 AD Jul 19 - Jul 21	Obs./docs historiques	4?		inconnu
1646 AD Jul 19 (éruption 1646 AD Jul 19 - Jul 21)	Tsunami enregistré Obs./docs historiques	4	100-1,000 (*)	inconnu	Infos
1646 AD Jul 19: Many died. Not listed in Kusumadinata-79. VSI comments that major explosive eruption devasted villages on flanks. Cited references #1412 Simkin, Tom, and Lee Siebert with the collaboration of Russell Blong, Jonathan Dehn, Christopher Newhall, Roland Pool, and Thomas C. Stein (1994): Volcanoes of the World, Second Edition, A Regional Directory, Gazetteer, and Chronology of Volcanism During the Last 10,000 Years, Geoscience Press, Inc., Tucson, Arizona, in association with Smithsonian Institution, Global Volcanism Program, Washington, D.C., p. 164-176. #1678 VSI (1993): Volc Surv Indonesia. 1993. Journal of volcanic activity in Indonesia, v 1 #11528 Harris, Ron, Jonathan Major (2016): Waves of destruction in the East Indies: the Wichmann catalogue of earthquakes and tsunami in the Indonesian region from 1538 to 1877. In Geohazards in Indonesia: Earth Science for Disaster Risk Reduction, P. R. Cummins and I. Meilano (eds.), Geological Society London, Special Publications, vol. 441. DOI:10.1144/SP441.2 Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), Global Significant Earthquake Database. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
1608 AD - 1609	Éruption discréditée
1550 AD (éruption 1550 ou avant AD)	Tsunami enregistré Obs./docs historiques	3		léger	Infos
1550 AD: reference #10953 lists damage caused and an 'uncertain' tsunami Cited references #2432 Venzke, E., R.W. Wunderman, L. McClelland, T. Simkin, J.F. Luhr, L. Siebert, and G. Mayberry (eds.) (2002-): Global Volcanism, 1968 to the Present. Smithsonian Institution, Global Volcanism Program Digital Information Series, GVP-4 (http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/). #10953 Siebert, Lee, Tom Simkin, Paul Kimberly (2010): Volcanoes of the World, Third Edition, Geoscience Press, Inc., University of California Press, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 551 p. Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), Global Significant Earthquake Database. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
1550 ou avant AD	Obs./docs historiques	3		inconnu

(*) Chiffres estimés

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Remark:

Our list of volcanic eruptions closely follows the database of eruptions of the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Project (GVP), the internationally most recognized data source for volcanic eruptions, but also includes significant eruptive episodes or related volcano events. "Volcanic eruptions" are usually to be understood as sequences of individual eruptive episodes that can follow each other, or even overlap (if several vents are involved), and can last many years, decades or even longer. For example, the current activity of Stromboli volcano is understood as a single eruption that has been ongoing since 1934.

Sources: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), Global Significant Volcanic Eruptions Database. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K | Global Volcanism Project / Smithsonian Institution

Eruptions du volcan Makian

1988 eruption
A white steam plume appeared on Makian volcano on 17 July 1988. At night, glow from the crater was visible indicating a new eruption. 15,000 people evacuated to to Moti Island 10 km to the north. On 29 July an explosion produced a large ash plume reaching 8 km height and drifting 100 km SW. On 30 July, pyroclastic flows (nuées ardentes) reached the sea. Eruptions continued until August 1988, after when the eruption started to die out.

1976 eruption warning & evacuations
In June 1976, local authorities believed an eruption of Makian could be impending and ordered the evacuation of 3,250 families. It turned out later that the seismic activity prompting this measure had been tectonic and not related to the volcano. No eruption followed.

Makian Volcano FAQ

+When was the last eruption of Makian volcano?

The last confirmed eruption of Makian occurred in 1988.

+How often does Makian volcano erupt?

Since 1550 AD, Makian volcano has had at least 8 historically documented eruptions. This means that it erupts on average every 59 years.
Many eruptions of Makian have lasted more than one year. In total, the volcano has been in eruption during 10 out of 475 years until now. In other words, Makian has been active at least one in 47.5 years on average. Note that this value is likely an underestimate, because the known history of eruptions from Makian is likely incomplete, especially further back in time.

+How active is Makian volcano at present?

Makian volcano is occasionally active: Since 1900, it has had one eruption, which occurred in 1988.

+When was the largest eruption of Makian volcano?

The largest eruption of Makian volcano in historic times occurred during 1861 - 1862. It ranks as a sub-plinian eruption with a magnitude 4 on the VEI (Volcanic Explosivity Index) scale.

Dernières images satellite

See also: Sentinel hub | Landsat 8 | NASA FIRMS

Derniers images satellite

Makian Volcan Cartes

Below is a selection of maps showing the location and surroundings of the volcano at various resolutions based on aerial-imagery / terrain maps. Feel free to use them for non-commercial purposes on your blog or website as long as you credit them with a link back to this page (click to copy it).