Full glossary

Very intense earthquakes may sometimes cause the solid ground to act as though it was muddy liquid. This earthquake-induced phenomenon is called Liquefaction. This occurs in areas where the ground is composed of particles with plenty of spaces where water could sneak into (be water-saturated) as in sandy soils and uncompacted soils.

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Little Sitkin volcano forms a small island of the same name in the western Aleutians Islands and belongs to the Aleutian Island National Wildlife Refuge. The active stratovolcano rises 1188 m (3898 ft) in the center-northeastern part of the island. The island is located 330 km (200 mi) northwest of the community of Adak, 377 km (234 mi) southeast of Attu, and 2173 km (1350 mi) southwest of Anchorage, Alaska.
Little Sitkin Island's diamond shape is dominated by 2 nested 4 km wide calderas that formed during the growth of the volcano. Little is know about its geologic and volcanic history.
Little Sitkin had most likely 2 historical eruptions in the 18th and 19th centuries that produced ash and lava flows. There are 3 long-lived fumarolic and hot springs areas on the west flank of the volcano that contain a cluster of boiling, acidic pools.

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Llaima stratovolcano is one of Chile's largest and most active volcanoes. It is located 90 km S of Callaqui in the Araucanía Region of southern-central Chile, in the Conguillio National Park about 80 km from the city of Temuco.
It is one of the volcanoes with the most known historic eruptions in South America. Its eruptions are brief episodes with spectacular lava fountains, strombolian activity and lava flows. Eruptions often occur along NNE trending fissures.

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Llullaillaco is the world's highest historically active volcano. It is on the border between Chile and Argentina and belongs to the Puna de Atacama, a region of very high volcanic peaks on a high plateau within the Atacama Desert, one of the driest places in the world.
The volcano consists of a young cone on top of an older Pleistocene edifice. The modern cone contains several lava domes and flows. The two most prominent lava flows are on the northern and southern flanks and have distinct flow features with levees and ridges.
It known that the Inca climbed the mountain and some of the best-preserved mummies have been found near its summit.

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Lokbatan is not a real volcano, but one of about 3-400 mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan, and one of its largest and most active ones. It is located about 15 km S of Baku on the Absheron peninsula at the shores of the Caspian Sea.
Lokbatan means "place where the camel got stuck". It may well have been named after the twin humps at the crest of the hill, which give it a camel-like shape. Lokbatan is located 15 kilometers south of Baku. This mud volcano erupted in 1977 and again, even more spectacularly on October 10, 2001, when it produced large flames many tens of meters high.

Lolo (also known as Auwers) volcano is a small andesitic stratovolcano 13 km north of Pago volcano in New Britain.
It has a nearly symmetrical shape with steep 35 deg upper slopes above 300 m elevation, and lower more gently inclined 20 deg slopes at its base between 150 and 250 m elevation. The diameter at its base if about 4 km.
Lolo has a shallow well preserved summit crater 250 m long, 175 m wide, and 60 m deep. Its slopes are cut by a regular pattern of radial erosion gullies up to 30 m deep and parts of the upper slopes are unvegetated.
Well-preserved lava flows from Lolo can be seen from the air, but their age is unknown.

Lolobau volcano forms an island 6.5 km off the coast of New Britain. The island measures 13.7 km long (east-west) and 9.7 km wide (north-south) and is formed by a 6 km wide caldera containing the small lake Naoi, and a younger stratovolcano, Mt Lolobau.
Several vents within the caldera lies along an E-W-trending line on the eastern flank of Mount Lolobau and have been active during historical time. The latest eruptions took place during the early-20th century from vents on Lolobau's east flank inside the caldera. Fumarolic activity decreased between 1937 and 1950.

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Loloru volcano is a large shield volcano in SE Bougainville Island.
It is composed mainly of airfall tephra and thick pyroclastic flow deposits and together with the nearby Takuan complex covers about 60% of the southern half of Bougainville Island.
The smooth flanks of Lorou's shield are cut by deep radiating valleys in all directions. The summit of Loloru volcano contains 2 nested calderas 3.5 and 2 km wide and a forested andesitic lava dome at the SW edge of the caldera. The caldera has been the source of many violent explosive eruptions of Loloru in the past 10,000 years, depositing large ignimbrite deposits on southern Bougainville Island. The most recent explosion was about 3000 years ago.

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Volcán Lomas Blancas is a small and young shield-like stratovolcano located about 15 km SE of Nevado de Longaví volcano. It has a 2.3-km-wide caldera, possibly formed by edifice collapse. The caldera is open to the SE where basaltic-andesite aa lava flows extend 7 km from the collapse scarp.
The basaltic central cone rises about 500 m from its base. Much of the volcano is covered by pumice deposits that probably originated from Nevado de Longaví.
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Source: GVP

Long Island, located 136 km east of Madang in the Vitiaz Strait, consists of 2 adjacent partly collapsed steep-sided stratovolcanoes: Mount Reaumur in the north and Cerisy Peak in the south.
The central part of the complex contains a large 10x12.5 km caldera filled by a lake, Lake Wilson. The youngest eruptions have built a new cone inside the south-central part of the caldera lake, Motmot Island, which formed in 1953-54 and 1968. The historic eruptions in the 20th century occurred from vents at or near Motmot Island.
Long Island volcano's eruptions are often strombolian and sometimes submarine.

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The large 17 x 32 km Long Valley caldera east of the central Sierra Nevada Range, California, is the result of a giant explosive eruption that happened about 760,000 years ago and formed the widespread and voluminous Bishop Tuff.
The caldera has been showing unrest in recent years, in the form of deformation of the caldera floor and earthquake swarms. It contains numerous hot springs and fumaroles. In order to better study and monitor the caldera and possible further changes, USGS established the Long Valley Observatory (http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/lvo/).

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Longgang volcano is a field of more than 150 cinder cones, lava flows and 8 maars located in Jilin Province of NE China, west of Changbaishan volcano. It covers an area of 1700 sq km.
A large (VEI4-5) eruption occurred around 350 AD from the large Jinlongdingzi ("Mountain of the Golden Dragon") cone and deposited basaltic pumice and scoria over a broad area to the east. Jinlongdingzi is the only known vent that has erupted in the past 10,000 years.
The composition of the lavas of Longgang is basaltic and trachybasaltic.

Lonquimay is a small symmetrical stratovolcano with a flat top in central Chile immediately SE of Tolguaca volcano. It contains a glacier in the summit crater and down on the south flank.
Lonquimay often erupts from flank vents and produces large lava flows.

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Lopevi is one of Vanuatu's most active volcanoes. It forms a steep cone rising to more than 1400 m from the sea and often has eruptions from the summit crater or flank vents. The island was evacuated following major eruptions in 1939 and 1960.

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Los Atlixcos (Cerro el Abra) volcano is located at the eastern end of the Mexican Volcanic Belt along the Gulf of Mexico, about 80 km NW of the city of Veracruz. It is a young a shield volcano topped by 2 large cinder cones and associated lava fields, both called Cerro los Atlixcos.

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Los Azufres volcano is a large Pleistocene caldera and volcanic complex in central Mexico located about 200 km NW of Mexico City.
It is one of several volcanic complexes north of the axis of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and still has a very active geothermal system with fumaroles and sulfur deposits (hence its name, the "sulfurous ones") and hot springs.

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Los Humeros volcano is a large caldera system north of the Mexican Volcanic Belt 55 km west-northwest of the city of Xalapa in Veracruz, or 180 km west of Mexico city.
The 21x15 km wide and 400 m deep Los Humeros caldera was the origin of several large explosive eruptions during the past few 100,000 years, and was formed as the result of repeated collapse of the roof above an emptied magma chamber.
Caldera-forming eruptions were dated to about 460,000, 100,000 and 20-40,000 years ago. It still has a very active hydrothermal system and could be considered active with potential for future eruptions.
At present there geothermal activity is exploited at Los Humeros. There are fumaroles and sulfur deposits at the oval-shaped La Calderita crater in the southern part of the caldera.

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The Lower Chindwin volcano is a field of 7 or 8 explosion craters along the lower Chindwin River in central Myanmar.
Most cones and lava flows are older than 10,000 years, but a very young-looking basalt flow forms a plateau north of Thayet-Pingan.

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Lubukraya is a well-defined andesitic stratovolcano of latest Pleistocene to possibly Holocene age with a broad crater breached to the south and a prominent lava dome at the southern foot of the volcano (Aspden et al. 1982).

The Lunar Crater volcanic field is a zone of vulcanism covering over 300 km2 at the southern end of the Pancake Range in the Great Basin Desert, Nevada. It contains numerous cinder cones and lava flows, fissures, and, most visibly, the 150 m deep Lunar Crater, a 1050 m wide and nearly circular maar (explosion crater) believed to have formed about 15,000 years ago.
Lunar Crater is one of Nevada's 6 National Natural Landmarks.

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Lurus volcano is a small volcano on the north coast of East Java, north of the larger Iyang-Argapura massif. It is not well studied, but could potentially still be active, and pose a threat to nearby industrial areas.

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Moekeshiwan (or Lvinaya Past, "Lion's Jaw") volcano is a truncated stratovolcano with a 7x9 km wide caldera (also known as Moikeshi) on the SW end of Iturup Island, Kuriles Islands (Russia).
The caldera is open to the sea on the NW and the floor of the caldera is 550 m below sea level.
The last known eruption of Lvinaya Past volcano occurred about 9400 years ago and was one of the largest eruptions in the Kurile Islands during the past 10,000 years.

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