Full glossary

Aracar volcano is a probably still active stratovolcano in NW Argentina close to the border with Chile. The volcano has a well-preserved 1.5 km wide summit crater with a small crater lake and steep eroded flanks. It is not known whether there has been activity in the Holocene (past 12,000 years).

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Aragats is a large andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcano in NW Armenia about 40 km NW of the capital city of Yerevan.

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The 5165-m-high, double-peaked stratovolcano Mount Ararat, also known as Agri Dagi, is Turkey's highest, largest volume, and easternmost volcano.

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Arayat is a forested stratovolcano above the flat Central Plain of Luzon Island and located NE of Angeles city, Philippines. It belongs to the Eastern Volcanic Chain, which includes Mounts Balungao, Cuyapo, Amorong and Arayat volcanoes.
Mt. Arayat's cone is probably built upon an older crater of 900 m diameter, whose remnants form the northern (1026 m) and southern (920 m) peaks.
There are no known eruptions in historic times, but weak fumarolic activity is present on the NW summit of Arayat volcano.

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Arenal, a major tourist attraction in Costa Rica, is one of the most active volcanoes of Central America. Since a major eruption in 1968, it has been in near-continuous activity building a lava dome and displaying mild explosive activity from the summit crater.

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Cerro Arenales is an isolated stratovolcano in southern Chile, located in the Northern Patagonian Ice Field 140 km SSW of Hudson volcano and 195 km north of Lautaro volcano.
The volcano was recognized as a volcano during a 1963 expedition traversing the Northern Patagonian Ice Field led by Eric Shiptononly.
The only known eruption was in early 1979 and was detected by a small tephra deposit observed blanketing the icecap on the SW flank on a satellite image from 8 March 1979.
Note: an active volcano with a similar name Arenal is located in Costa Rica.

Arintica volcano is a stratovolcano in the Arica y Parinacota region of Chile near the border with Bolivia.
There are no known Holocene eruptions, and the volcano might be extinct, although little is known about it.

Arshan (also known as Arxan-Chaihe or Motianling Group) volcano is a newly discovered active volcanic field in the central Da Hinggan Mountains of Inner Mongolia in NE China, 70 km from the border with Mongolia.
The field contains more than 40 cinder cones, tephra layers and lava flows. The most recent volcanic eruptions occurred from the perfectly preserved 362 m high Yanshan cone and the 140 m deep Gaoshan crater.
These vents produced basaltic lava flows to the northwest and formed natural dams blocking branches of the Halahahe river, creating 6 lakes.

Asama (or Asamayama) volcano is the most active volcano of Honshu and one of the volcanoes with the longest recorded history of documented eruptions. It is located 130 km from Tokyo in central Honshu, overlooking the resort town of Karuizawa.
Asama's activity is typically explosive, including frequent strombolian to vulcanian activity. It has had several major eruptions, including 2 plinian eruptions in 1108 and 1783 AD.

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Feinkörniges, vulkanisches Gestein (ca. 0,5-2 mm), das bei explosiven Vulkanausbrüchen entsteht und weit verfrachtet werden kann.

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Vulkanischer Aschefall ist die Ablagerung feinstkörniger vulkanischer Produkte

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Aso (or Asosan) volcano in central Kyushu Island in southwestern Japan is one of the world's most active volcanoes. In recent years, it has been the site of frequent ash eruptions.
Aso is no single edifice, but a complex of active vents in the center of a large 24 km wide caldera.

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Atacazo volcano is part of the Atacazo–Ninahuilca Volcanic Complex in the Western Cordillera of Ecuador and located 10 km southwest of the capital of Ecuarod, Quito.
The andesitic Atacazo stratovolcano is a successor of the older La Carcacha stratovolcano. It was built above a 6 km wide and 900 m deep caldera. The caldera is breached to the SW and contains 3 Holocene dacitic domes. The youngest lava dome, Ninahuilca, erupted about 2300 years ago. 2 andesitic lava domes are also found on the SE flank.
Several large Plinian eruptions have occurred at the volcano during the past 10,000 years and accompanied the growth of the lava domes. The formation of the most recent dome, Ninahuilca Chico, was accompanied by explosive eruptos that produced pyroclastic flows that flowed up to 35 km distance through valleys towards the west.

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Hauptstadt von Griechenland, auf der Attika-Halbinsel im südlichen Festland

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Mönchsrepublik im Norden Griechenlands

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Atlin is a group of young cinder cones and lava flows on the Teslin Plateau east of Lake Atlin in western British Columbia, Canada. The largest cone is 1880-m-high Ruby Mountain (named for the brilliantly colored tephra deposits), which has been partially eroded by glaciation.

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Der Ätna, umgangssprachlich auch Mongibello genannt, ist Europas größter und aktivster Vulkan.
Seine heutigen Eruptionen werden oft von Lavaströmen begleitet, die aber selten eine Gefahr für die naheliegenden Orte stellen.
Der Ätna, ist einer der Vulkane der die längsten historischen Aufzeichnungen über Vulkanausbrüche hat, die bis mehr als 2000 Jahre zurückliegen.

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Atsonupuri (or Etorofu-Atosanupuri )volcano is a mostly basaltic stratovolcano in the southern Kurile Islands, Russia, located ca. 150 km NE of Hokkaido, Japan.
Atsonupuri volcano forms a prominent peninsula at the SW side of Iturup Island connected by a 30 m low isthmus. The volcano has often had strombolian eruptions such as its historic eruptions and produced a few lava flows.

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Aucanquilcha is a massive stratovolcano in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes in northern Chile. Volcán Aucanquilcha (also known as Cerro Aucancquilche) is the youngest of about 20 volcanoes and cones that form the Aucanquilcha Volcanic Cluster and one the largest volcanoes of northern Chile.

The world's highest permanent human settlement was located below a sulfur mine in the summit region of Cerro Aucanquilcha at an elevation of 5500 m. The mine was operated between 1913 and 1990's. The volcano also has one of the world's highest roads reaching 5900 m altitude.

Aucanquilcha The youngest lava flows of the volcano are younger than 10,000 years, and overlie glacial morains on the upper southern flanks. At present, there is fumarolic activity at the volcano.

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The Auckland Volcanic Field directly underlies the largest city of New Zealand and consists of more than 50 basaltic cones, maars and lava flows. It covers an elliptical area of 29 (N-S) x 16.5 (E-W) km and has been active for the past 140,000 years, during which is has produced about 7 cubic km of mostly basaltic lava. The last eruption was as recently as about 600 years ago when the cone of Rangitoto Island was formed. About 20 eruptions have occurred during the past 20,000 years, suggesting an average recurrence interval of approx. 1000 years.
Since eruptions could (and likely will) occur again in the future, it is a considerable hazard to Auckland city, especially since the time between first signs (seismic swarms, ground movements, gas emissions) to an eruption could be relatively short (weeks to months).

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Augustine is the most active volcano of the eastern Aleutian arc. It consists of several overlapping lava domes that frequently produce explosive eruptions and are notorious for collapsing, producing glowing avalanches (block and ash flows).
Augustine volcano had a devastating eruption 1883 when large parts of the summit dome complex collapsed. In the following century, several eruptions associated with dome growth have restored the volcano's height again. Historical eruptions after that date were typically explosive, producing pyroclastic pumice flows and block-and-ash flows, followed by regrowth of the lava domes.

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Der Vulkansee Averna in den Phlegräischen Feldern bei Neapel

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Avachinsky towering above Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka's largest city, is one of Kamchatka's most active volcanoes. It typically erupts every few years to decades, often producing ash flows and lahars.

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The Azas Plateau (also known as the (Northeast) Tuva or Khamsara-Biykhem Plateau) is a large volcanic field is west of the SW tip of Lake Baikal and north of the border with Mongolia. The volcanic field contains cinder cones and lava flows, some of which are less than 10,000 years old.

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Azufral volcano (Azufral de Túquerres) is a stratovolcano in southern Colombia with a 2.5x3 km wide caldera 35 km SW of Galeras volcano. The last eruption took place about 1000 years ago.

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Babuyan Claro (Mt. Pangasun) is the largest and second youngest of 5 volcanoes that built up Babuyan Island, 100 km off the north coast of Luzon, Philippines. Babuyan Claro is an active stratovolcano of ca. 7 cubic km volume and has 2 summit craters of 300 and 400 m in diameter.
Smith volcano (Mt. Babuyan) 4 km to the NW of Babuyan Claro is the youngest volcano on the island and forms a beautiful 668 m high symmetrical basaltic-andesite cinder cone with ca. 3 cubic km volume.
Both Babuyan Claro and Smith volcanoes have apparently been active in historical time, although it is not always certain which volcano erupted. Eruptions at Babuyan Claro are typically strombolian and/or phreatomagmatic.
The Askedna Hot Spring is located at the southern base of Babuyan Claro.

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Mount Bachelor (formerly known as Bachelor Butte) in central Oregaon is a symmetrical stratovolcano, which is part of a 25 km long volcanic chain SE of South Sister.
The chain is aligned N-S and consists of the main volcano of Mt Bachelor itself, cinder cones, small shield volcanoes, and lava flows. The youngest eruption (dated by comparison with known dates of overlying and underlying layers) occurred about 6000 years ago at the Egan scoria cone on the north flank. It produced a lava flow that overlies (=is younger than) ash from the 6850 year BP eruption of Crater Lake.

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Bagana volcano on Bougainville Island is one of the world's most active volcanoes. It has erupted frequently since its discovery in 1842. It is located on a remote part of central Bougainville Island in the Northern Solomon Province of Papua New Guinea.
Bagana volcano is a massive, symmetrical, roughly 1750-m-high cone built largely by rapid accumulation of viscous andesitic lava flows. The present-day cone might only be 300 years old.
Major eruptions occurred in 1950, 1952, and 1966. Bagana has been in near- continuous activity since 1972, creating slow-moving lava flows, and occasionally ash explosions that sometimes produce pyroclastic flows.
The volcano has been in near-continuous activity since the earliest records from the 18th century.

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Changbaishan (or Baitoushan) volcano is a large stratovolcano at the NE China - N Korean border and is and the most active in China.
It is also known as Tianchi, or in Korean as Baegdu or P'aektu-san (Paektusan) volcano.
One of the largest explosive eruptions in the world during the past 10,000 years occurred around 969 ±20 AD and is known as the Baitoushan eruption. It erupted about 30 cubic km of magma, about half as much as Tambora in 1815 AD or 3 times as much as Krakatau in 1883. The eruption produced rhyolitic and trachytic pumice and ash fall as far as northern Japan, and formed part of the present-day caldera.
Small eruptions have been recorded in historic times since the 15th century, the last being a small explosion in April 1903.
Out of China's 14 active volcanoes, Baitoushan is considered the most dangerous volcano. The major hazard are lahars from the huge lake in the 5-km-wide caldera that could threaten the mostly Korean population of about 100,000 living near or on the slopes of the volcano, as well as the many tourists visiting the volcano in summer.

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Bakanovi volcano is an extinct volcano 16 km east of Bagana volcano on Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea. The small volcano is deeply eroded and was built above an eroded 4 km diameter caldera.

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Balagan-Tas volcano (also known as Indigirsky) is a cinder cone west of the town Zashiversk, about 1300 km SSW of Bennet Island in Siberia. It is located at the Indikirika River near the northwest boundary of Momo-Selenniak depression.
The volcano erupted basaltic lava flows. A historic eruption is reported to have taken place in 1775, but not included in the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Database.

Balatukan (also known as Balingoan or Balatocan) is a massive compound stratovolcano on the SW shore of Gingoog Bay, 15 km SW of Gingoog city in north-central Mindanao, opposite Camiguin Island, Philippines.
Lava flows on its flanks are 140,000 years old and it is not known whether there are younger volcanic products. Although the volcano still has fumarolic activity, it might be extinct, as the strong degree of erosion of its flanks suggests.

Balbi is a large stratovolcano and the highest point on Bougainville Island, Northern Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea.
It is not certain whether the volcano has erupted in historic times, as some local traditions suggest. An active fumarole field is located at Balbi's 600 m wide summit crater and on its western flank.

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Bald Knoll is the youngest of a group of basaltic cinder cones on the SW part of the Paunsaugunt Plateau in southern Utah, between the southern end of Bryce Canyon National Park and the western margin of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument.
The Bald Knoll cinder cone probably erupted only a few thousands years ago. It has an intact crater, which has produced a massive youthful-looking lava flow that traveled about 12 km to the SSE.
Buck Knoll and Black Knoll are 2 other cinder cones to the west, located on the western side of Kanab Creek.

Baluan volcano forms the a small 5.5 km wide circular Baluan Island located south of Manus Island.
It is the subarial part of the southernmost and largest single volcano in the St Andrew Strait in the Bismarck Sea northwest of New Britain.
Baluan is mainly basaltic in composition. The island is densely forested and the volcano contains a large 1 x 0.5 km elliptic vegetated summit crater (Sabroma) and several flank vents. Some of these might be less than 10,000 years old.
There are warm springs along the coast which is surrounded by reefs.
The only historical activity is an uncertain report of a submarine eruption near the island in 1931.

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Baluran is the easternmost volcano in Java and occupied the NE tip of the island. Gunung Baluran is a small andestic volcano with a broad U-shaped crater breached to the NE.
Baluran is located in the Baluran National Park which covers 25,000 hectares and is famous for its abundant wildlife including buffalo, deer, banteng, leaf monkeys, monitor lizards, squirrels, fruit bats, civet cats, and leopards.

Balut volcano (also known as Sanguil) is a small island of the Sarangani group south of the Batulaki Peninsula at the south end of Mindanao Island in the Philippines.
The age of the last activity on Balut volcano is unknown, but hot springs and thermal areas are active on the W and SW flanks of the volcano.

Bam volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in Papua New Guinea. A mostly submerged stratovolcano forms the small 2.4 km x 1.6 km oval shaped Bam Island. Bam volcano belongs to the Bismarck volcanic arc north of New Guinea. Bam is the SE-most of the Schouten Islands and ocated 40 km NNE of the mouth of the Sepik River.
Bam volcano contains 2 peaks, the NW peak being the active summit, and the SE peak an older cone and slightly lower.
The oval 300 m diameter and 180 m deep summit crater of Bam is free of vegetation due to frequent and recent volcanic activity. The crater has steep walls with exposed lava flows dipping inwards.
The historic eruptions, recorded since 1872, were small to moderate vulcanian eruptions from the summit crater. Hot springs are found on the island.

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Bamus volcano (also known as South Son, Ulawun being the father) is a symmetrical stratovolcano SW of Ulawun volcano, 16 km inland from Stettin Bay.
The volcano is thickly covered by rainforest and fern thickets. The last confirmed activity of Bamus was around 1888, as villagers describe in local accounts.

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Banahaw volcano is a complex of 3 volcanoes 80 km SE of Manila, Philippines. The Banahaw volcanic complex includes Mt Banahaw (2158 m), San Cristobal (1470 m), and Banhao de Lucban (1870 m) volcanoes.
Mild explosive eruptions might still occur at the Banahaw volcano complex, although none of the reports of historic activity can be verified by deposits or credited sources.

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Banda Api volcano forms a small isolated 3-km-wide island in the Banda Sea, Indonesia, 130 km south of Makulu Island. The volcano rises 4000 m from the sea floor and is the most recent and very active cone of a 7 km wide volcanic caldera mostly under water.
It is one of the most active volcanoes in the region and is known for violent activity including tall ash emissions, lava fountaining, strombolian explosions and occasional lava flows, some of which which have reached the sea. Because of its (for Indonesia) unusually effusive behavior and frequent activity, Banda Api has also been given the nickname "Etna of the Banda Sea".

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Bandai volcano (or Bandaisan volcano), one of Japan's most known active volcanoes, is an complex andesitic stratovolcano rising above the north shore of Lake Inawashiro.
The volcano is located in the southern part of the NE Honshu volcanic arc.
The last magma was erupted at Bandai about 25,000 years ago, but during the past 5000 years, 4 major phreatic explosions have occurred at the volcano. 2 of them occurred in historical time, in 806 and 1888.
In 1888, the youngest edifice of Bandai, Ko-Bandai, collapsed in a catastrophic way after a large phreatic eruption, producing a debris avalanche that buried several villages and formed several large lakes. Seen from the south, Bandai presents a conical profile, but much of the north side of the volcano is missing as a result of the collapse of Ko-Bandai volcano during the 1888 eruption.

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Banua Wuhu is a submarine volcano in the Sangihe Islands, Indonesia, 45 km south of Awu. The volcano rises more than 400 m from the sea floor and almost reaches the surface, forming a shallow shoal at 5 m depth. Banua Wuhu, during some of its eruptions, has created temporary islands, which were eroded subsequently by wave action. Adjacent Mahengetang island belongs to the same volcanic edifice. Separate vents are found to the northeast (Kahakitang) and north (Kalama) of Banua Wuhu.

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Baransky volcano (Sashiusu-dake or Sashiusudake in Japanese) is a stratovolcano in the center of Iturup Island, southern Kuriles. Only one historical eruption occurred in 1951 and consisted of weak explosions in the summit crater.
Strong fumarolic activity is in the summit and several flank craters. A geothermal field is found on the SW flank and contains hot springs and geysers. During a geothermal exploration in 1992 in this field, a small hydrothermal explosion took place inside an exploratory well and the exploration was abandoned.

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Barcena volcano forms the southern part and most significant feature of Isla San Benedicto, the 3rd largest and north-easternmost of the 4 Islas Revillagigedo islands about 350 km south of Cabo San Lucas, Baja California.
The volcano formed by eruptions during 1952-53 and consists in a 700 m wide and 330 m high tuff cone with a circular crater and a spectacular lava delta on the east side formed by a trachytic lava flow that breached the crater and entered the sea. The eruption was the first historic eruption witnessed in the eastern Pacific Ocean.

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Barú volcano (also called Volcán de Chiriqui) is an active volcano 35 km east of the border to Costa Rica in the Talamanca Range of western in Panama. The complex, mainly andesitic stratovolcano is Panama´s highest peak.
A large explosive eruption occurred at about 700 AD destroyed settlements around the volcano. Excavations at the Cerro Punta archaeological site NW of the volcano have brought back to life their ruins.
The only historical eruption of Barú was an explosive eruption reported from the mid 16th century, but radiocarbon-dated tephra samples suggest that there was some activity less than 500 years ago.
Volcán Barú is the youngest major volcano in Panamá and there are geothermal exploration projects under way.

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