Iceland and its volcanoes
Updated: May 21, 2025 02:28 GMT - refresh Iceland has the land area of Virginia and the population of Virginia Beach (about 260,000 people). The country has the highest literacy rate (100%) of any nation in the world. Its history has always been closely related to volcanoes and knowledge of many volcanic eruptions since the middle ages are preserved in accounts.
First settled by Vikings in the 9th century AD, Iceland established its own parliament in 930 and recorded its first historical volcanic eruption only a few years later. After a golden age of literature in the 12th and 13th centuries (when the sagas were written), natural history reporting reached a low around the 15th century. In the years 1707-09 a third of the population died from smallpox, and the 1783-84 Laki eruption killed a fifth of the remaining population by famine. Iceland gained sovereignty from Denmark in 1918 and complete independence in 1944.
Iceland is noted for subglacial and regional fissure eruptions related to the rifting process between the separating plates.
---
(adapted from GVP/Smithsonian Institution)
Volcanoes of Iceland
[hide/show quakes] | [smaller] [bigger]
Significant volcanic eruptions: Iceland
In historic times, at least 19 volcanoes have been active in Iceland, including Svartsengi, Fagradalsfjall, and Bardarbunga volcanoes. A total of 157 eruptions have been witnessed and documented since around 920 AD.
The table below lists the most recent volcanic eruptions, significant eruptive episodes or related events in Iceland since around 1990.
Date | Volcano | VEI | Region | Deaths | Damage |
2023 Dec 18 - ongoing | Svartsengi Sundhnúkagígar, Svartsengi fissure swarm | 1 | Reykjanes peninsula, SW Iceland | | | Info |
2023 Dec 18 (eruption 2023 Dec 18 - ongoing) | Svartsengi | 0 | Reykjanes peninsula, SW Iceland | 1 | moderate | Info |
2023 Jul 10 - Aug 5 | Fagradalsfjall | 0 | Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland | | |
2022 Aug 3 - Aug 21 | Fagradalsfjall | 0 | Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland | | |
2021 Mar 19 - Sep 18 | Fagradalsfjall | 0 | Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland | | |
2014 Aug 29 - 2015 Feb 27 | Bardarbunga Holuhraun vent, 45 km NE | 0 | Central Iceland | | |
2011 May 21 - May 25 | Grímsvötn SW part of the caldera | 4 | Northeastern Iceland | | |
2010 Mar 20 - Jun 23 | Eyafjallajökull ENE flank (Fimmvörduháls) and summit | 4 | South Iceland | | |
2010 Mar 31 (eruption 2010 Mar 20 - Jun 23) | Eyafjallajökull | 2 | South Iceland | 2 | | Info |
2004 Nov 1 - Nov 4 | Grímsvötn SW and east sides of caldera | 3 | Northeastern Iceland | | |
2000 Feb 26 - Mar 8 | Hekla SW flank | 3 | South Iceland | | |
1998 Dec 18 - Dec 28 | Grímsvötn South caldera wall | 3 | Northeastern Iceland | | |
1996 Sep 30 - Nov 6 | Grímsvötn Gjálp (fissure N of caldera rim) | 3? | Northeastern Iceland | | |
1996 Sep 30 (eruption 1996 Sep 30 - Nov 6) | Grímsvötn | 3 | Northeastern Iceland | | light | Info |
1991 Jan 17 - Mar 11 | Hekla Summit, SW, SE & NE flank fissures | 3 | South Iceland | | |
Remark:Our list of volcanic eruptions closely follows the database of eruptions of the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Project (GVP), the internationally most recognized data source for volcanic eruptions, but also includes significant eruptive episodes or related volcano events. "Volcanic eruptions" are usually to be understood as sequences of individual eruptive episodes that can follow each other, or even overlap (if several vents are involved), and can last many years, decades or even longer. For example, the current activity of Stromboli volcano is understood as a single eruption that has been ongoing since 1934.
Iceland FAQ
+When was the last volcanic eruption in Iceland?
The last volcanic eruption in Iceland was from Svartsengi volcano. It began in 2023 and is continuing (as of May 2025).
+When was the first documented volcanic eruption in Iceland?
The first historically documented eruption occurred around 920 AD from Katla volcano.
+How often do volcanoes in Iceland erupt?
Since 920 AD, Iceland has seen at least 157 historically documented eruptions. This means that a volcano erupts on average every 7 years.
+How active are the volcanoes in Iceland?
Iceland is volcanically relatively active: Since 1900, at least 13 volcanoes in Iceland have been active.Since 1900, Iceland has had 47 volcanic eruptions from 13 individual volcanoes. Volcanic eruptions have been recorded erupted during 49 years out of 126 as of now. This means, at least one volcano in Iceland has been in eruption in one in 2.6 years on average. The latest eruption from Svartsengi volcano volcano is still continuing at present.
+When was the largest volcanic eruption in Iceland?
The largest eruption in Iceland in historic times was from Bardarbunga volcano. It occurred in 1477 AD. It ranks as a plinian eruption with a magnitude 6 on the VEI (Volcanic Explosivity Index) scale. Eruption of this size are often catastrophic on a regional scale.
Latest earthquakes: Iceland
In the past 7 days, Iceland was shaken by 2 quakes of magnitude 4.0 or above, 6 quakes between 3.0 and 4.0, and 97 quakes between 2.0 and 3.0. There were also 1,328 quakes below magnitude 2.0 which people don't normally feel.
A magnitude 4.6 quake was felt in 97 km N of Akureyri, Northeast, Iceland .
Date and Time | Mag / Depth | Nearest Volcano / Location | |
May 16, 06:32 pm (Universal Time) | 3.6 6.8 km | 21 km (13 mi) W of | Iceland Region I FELT IT | Info | |
Thursday, May 15, 2025 GMT (1 quake) |
May 15, 06:17 am (Universal Time) | 3.4 4.5 km | 30 km (19 mi) NW of | Iceland Region I FELT IT | Info | |
Wednesday, May 14, 2025 GMT (4 quakes) |
May 14, 11:48 pm (Reykjavik) | 4.2 10 km | 33 km (21 mi) E of | Iceland Region I FELT IT - 2 reports | Info | |
May 14, 10:21 am (Universal Time) | 3.7 9.5 km | 37 km (23 mi) NW of | Iceland Region I FELT IT | Info | |
May 14, 05:37 am (Universal Time) | 3.6 12 km | 37 km (23 mi) E of | Iceland Region I FELT IT - 3 reports | Info | |
May 14, 05:20 am (Reykjavik) | 4.6 10 km | 37 km (23 mi) NW of | 58 km NNW of Norðurþing, Iceland I FELT IT - 15 reports | Info | |
See Recent Quakes
Significant Earthquakes in Iceland since 1900
This was the 6th worst quake in Iceland during recorded history.
11 houses and other buildings were destroyed and 11 damaged.
Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), Global Significant Earthquake Database.
doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
Map
Oldest quakes (until 1960) are shown in yellow, most recent (from 2000) in red.
[quakes -] [quakes +] [smaller] [bigger]
Significant Earthquakes in Iceland FAQ
+Which was the earthquake that caused most damage in Iceland since 1900?
The earthquake that caused most damage was the magnitude 6.5 earthquake in
Iceland, South on Jun, 17, 2000. It caused no known fatalities and estimated $20 million US Dollars (today's equivalent) in total economic damage.
+How much damage did earthquakes cause in Iceland since 1900?
There were 4 damaging or deadly quakes during this period that caused economic losses of approx. $38 million US Dollars combined.

Location of Iceland and the North Atlantic mid-ocean ridge where the American and Eurasian plates separate

Simplified map of Iceland showing its active volcanoes
First visit to our site? If you havn't done it yet,
download the Volcanoes & Earthquakes app to get one of the fastest volcano news online:
Android |
IOS
Try our free app!
Guaranteed tours
= spaces available = guaranteed = few spaces left = booked out