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Iceland and its volcanoes

Updated: May 21, 2025 02:28 GMT -
Iceland has the land area of Virginia and the population of Virginia Beach (about 260,000 people). The country has the highest literacy rate (100%) of any nation in the world. Its history has always been closely related to volcanoes and knowledge of many volcanic eruptions since the middle ages are preserved in accounts.
First settled by Vikings in the 9th century AD, Iceland established its own parliament in 930 and recorded its first historical volcanic eruption only a few years later. After a golden age of literature in the 12th and 13th centuries (when the sagas were written), natural history reporting reached a low around the 15th century. In the years 1707-09 a third of the population died from smallpox, and the 1783-84 Laki eruption killed a fifth of the remaining population by famine. Iceland gained sovereignty from Denmark in 1918 and complete independence in 1944.
Iceland is noted for subglacial and regional fissure eruptions related to the rifting process between the separating plates.
---
(adapted from GVP/Smithsonian Institution)

Volcanoes of Iceland

Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland (4 volcanoes)

Brennisteinsfjöll | Fagradalsfjall | Krísuvík | Svartsengi
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Significant volcanic eruptions: Iceland

In historic times, at least 19 volcanoes have been active in Iceland, including Svartsengi, Fagradalsfjall, and Bardarbunga volcanoes. A total of 157 eruptions have been witnessed and documented since around 920 AD.
The table below lists the most recent volcanic eruptions, significant eruptive episodes or related events in Iceland since around 1990.
DateVolcanoVEIRegionDeathsDamage
2023 Dec 18 - ongoingSvartsengi
Sundhnúkagígar, Svartsengi fissure swarm
1Reykjanes peninsula, SW Iceland
Info
2023 Dec 18
(eruption 2023 Dec 18 - ongoing)
Svartsengi0Reykjanes peninsula, SW Iceland1
moderate
Info
2023 Jul 10 - Aug 5Fagradalsfjall0Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland
2022 Aug 3 - Aug 21Fagradalsfjall0Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland
2021 Mar 19 - Sep 18Fagradalsfjall0Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland
2014 Aug 29 - 2015 Feb 27Bardarbunga
Holuhraun vent, 45 km NE
0Central Iceland
2011 May 21 - May 25Grímsvötn
SW part of the caldera
4Northeastern Iceland
2010 Mar 20 - Jun 23Eyafjallajökull
ENE flank (Fimmvörduháls) and summit
4South Iceland
2010 Mar 31
(eruption 2010 Mar 20 - Jun 23)
Eyafjallajökull2South Iceland2
Info
2004 Nov 1 - Nov 4Grímsvötn
SW and east sides of caldera
3Northeastern Iceland
2000 Feb 26 - Mar 8Hekla
SW flank
3South Iceland
1998 Dec 18 - Dec 28Grímsvötn
South caldera wall
3Northeastern Iceland
1996 Sep 30 - Nov 6Grímsvötn
Gjálp (fissure N of caldera rim)
3?Northeastern Iceland
1996 Sep 30
(eruption 1996 Sep 30 - Nov 6)
Grímsvötn3Northeastern Iceland
light
Info
1991 Jan 17 - Mar 11Hekla
Summit, SW, SE & NE flank fissures
3South Iceland
Remark:
Our list of volcanic eruptions closely follows the database of eruptions of the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Project (GVP), the internationally most recognized data source for volcanic eruptions, but also includes significant eruptive episodes or related volcano events. "Volcanic eruptions" are usually to be understood as sequences of individual eruptive episodes that can follow each other, or even overlap (if several vents are involved), and can last many years, decades or even longer. For example, the current activity of Stromboli volcano is understood as a single eruption that has been ongoing since 1934.
Sources: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), Global Significant Volcanic Eruptions Database. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K | Global Volcanism Project / Smithsonian Institution

Iceland FAQ

+When was the last volcanic eruption in Iceland?

+When was the first documented volcanic eruption in Iceland?

+How often do volcanoes in Iceland erupt?

+How active are the volcanoes in Iceland?

+When was the largest volcanic eruption in Iceland?

Latest earthquakes: Iceland

In the past 7 days, Iceland was shaken by 2 quakes of magnitude 4.0 or above, 6 quakes between 3.0 and 4.0, and 97 quakes between 2.0 and 3.0. There were also 1,328 quakes below magnitude 2.0 which people don't normally feel.
A magnitude 4.6 quake was felt in 97 km N of Akureyri, Northeast, Iceland .
Magnitude 4.6 Earthquake 97 km N of Akureyri, Northeast, Iceland reported felt -
Date and TimeMag / DepthNearest Volcano / Location
May 16, 06:32 pm (Universal Time)
3.6

6.8 km
21 km (13 mi) W ofIceland Region  I FELT IT Info
Thursday, May 15, 2025 GMT (1 quake)
May 15, 06:17 am (Universal Time)
3.4

4.5 km
30 km (19 mi) NW ofIceland Region  I FELT IT Info
Wednesday, May 14, 2025 GMT (4 quakes)
May 14, 11:48 pm (Reykjavik)
4.2

10 km
33 km (21 mi) E ofIceland Region  I FELT IT - 2 reportsInfo
May 14, 10:21 am (Universal Time)
3.7

9.5 km
37 km (23 mi) NW ofIceland Region  I FELT IT Info
May 14, 05:37 am (Universal Time)
3.6

12 km
37 km (23 mi) E ofIceland Region  I FELT IT - 3 reportsInfo
May 14, 05:20 am (Reykjavik)
4.6

10 km
37 km (23 mi) NW of58 km NNW of Norðurþing, Iceland  I FELT IT - 15 reportsInfo

Significant Earthquakes in Iceland since 1900



This was the 6th worst quake in Iceland during recorded history. 11 houses and other buildings were destroyed and 11 damaged.

DateMagRegionDeathsDamage
2008 May 296.3 Reykjavik0
light
Info
2000 Jun 216.5 Grimsnes, Selfoss, Eyrarbakki, Stokkseyri0
heavy
Info
2000 Jun 176.5 Vestmannaeyjar, Hella0
heavy
Info
1976 Jan 136.4 Kopasker0
moderate
Info
Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), Global Significant Earthquake Database. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K

Map

Oldest quakes (until 1960) are shown in yellow, most recent (from 2000) in red.
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Significant Earthquakes in Iceland FAQ

+Which was the earthquake that caused most damage in Iceland since 1900?

+How much damage did earthquakes cause in Iceland since 1900?

Location of Iceland and the North Atlantic mid-ocean ridge where the American and Eurasian plates separate
Location of Iceland and the North Atlantic mid-ocean ridge where the American and Eurasian plates separate
Simplified map of Iceland showing its active volcanoes
Simplified map of Iceland showing its active volcanoes

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Svartsengi volcano update: uplift continues

The new hazard map relating to the current seismic unrest under the area (image: Icelandic Met Office)
Recent GPS deformation data continue to detected the uplift in the Svartsengi area, although the rate of the ground swell has slowed in recent weeks. ... Read all
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